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HYMENOPTERA, SYMPHYTA

The following references pertain especially to the Symphyta (Chalastogastra) group of Hymenoptera, which includes the sawflies and horntails. Most are phytophagous, but some species in several families are predators [please also refer to <biology.ref.htm>.

Most Symphyta are phytophagous external feeders on foliage. The larvae of the external feeders are eruciform and differ from those of the Lepidoptera by having more than five pairs of prolegs that lack crochets and usually have only one pair of ocelli. The larvae of a few species bore in stems, fruits, wood, or leaves (leaf miners); these larvae usually have the prolegs reduced or absent. All the Symphyta have a prominent ovipositor, which is used in inserting the eggs into the tissues of the host plant. In the Tenthredinoidea the ovipositor is somewhat saw like, hence the common name "sawflies" for the members of this group.  Most of the Symphyta have a single generation a year and overwinter as a full-grown larva or as a pupa, either in a cocoon or in some sort of protected place. Most of the external feeders overwinter in a cocoon or cell in the soil, while boring species usually do so in their tunnels in the host plant. Some of the larger species spend more than a year to complete their development (Borror et al. 1989).

References: Please refer to <biology.ref.htm>, [Additional references may be found at: MELVYL Library]

Abe, M., and D.R. Smith. 1991. The genus‑group names of Symphyta (Hymenoptera) and their type species. Esakia 31:1‑‑115.

Achterberg, C. van, and B. van;Aartsen. 1986. The European Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera: Symphyta), with special reference to the Netherlands. Zoologische Verhandelingen No. 234. 98 pp.

Benson, R.B. 1935. On the genera of Orussidae with an account of African species (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Occasional papers of the Rhodesian Museum 4:1‑17.

Benson, R.B. 1938a. On the classification of sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Trans. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 87(15):353‑384.

Benson, R.B. 1938b. On the Australian Orussidae with a key to the genera of the world (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Ann. and Magazine of Natural History (11)2:1‑15.

Benson, R.B. 1939a. On the genera of the Diprionidae (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Bull. of Entomol. Research 30:339‑342.

Benson, R.B. 1939b. A revision of the Australian sawflies of the genus Per;~a Leach, sens. Iat. (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Australian Zoologist 9:324‑357.

Benson, R.B. 1943. Studies in Siricidae, especially of Europe and southern Asia (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Bull. of Entomol. Research 34:27‑51.

Benson, R.B. 1945a. Classification of the Pamphiliidae (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, Series B 14:25‑33.

Benson, R.B. 1945b. Further note on the classification of the Diprionidae (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Bull. of Entomol. Research 36:163‑‑164.

Benson, R.B. 1946a. Classification of the Cephidae (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Trans. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 96(6):89‑ 108.

Benson, R.B. 1946b. The European genera of the Tenthredininae (Hymenoptera Tenthredinidae). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, Series B 15:33 ‑40.

Benson, R.B. 1950. An introduction to the natural history of British sawflies (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Trans. of the Soc. for British Entomology 10:45‑142.

Benson, R.B. 1951. Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (a). Handbooks for the identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(a):1‑50. Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England.

Benson, R.B. 1952. Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (b). Handbooks for the identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(b):51‑138. Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England.

Benson, R.B. 1954. Classification of the Xiphydriidae (Hymenoptera). Trans. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London 105:151‑162.

Benson, R.B. 1955. Classification of the Orussidae, with some new genera and species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, Series B 24:13‑‑23.

Benson, R.B. 1958. Hymenoptera: 2. Symphyta. Section (c). Handbooks for the identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(c):139‑252. Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England.

Benson, R.B. 1959. Tribes of the Tenthredininae and a new European genus (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proc. of the Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, Series B 28: 1 21 ‑ 127.

Benson, R.B. 1963. Some new western Australian sawflies of the Euryinae and Phylacteophaginae (Hymenoptera, Pergidae). Journal of the Royal Soc. of Western Australia 46(3):81‑84.

Benson, R.B. 1965. Some new pergid sawflies from New Guinea (Hymenoptera Symphyta). Ann. and Magazine of Natural History (13)8:45‑‑49.

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Middlekauff, W.W. 1958. The North Amer. sawflies of the generaAcantholyda, Cephalcia and Neurotoma (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae).University of California Publications in Entomology 14(2):51‑174.

Middlekauff, W.W. 1960. The siricid wood wasps of California (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Bull. of the California Insect Survey 6(4):59‑77.

Middlekauff, W.W. 1964. The North Amer. sawflies of the genus Pamphilius (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae). University of California Publications in Entomology 38:1‑84.

Middlekauff, W.W. 1969. The cephid stem borers of California (Hymenoptera: Cephidae). Bull. of the California Insect Survey 11:1‑18.

Middlekauff, W.W. 1974. Larva of wood‑boring sawfly Syntexis libocedrii Rohwer (Hymenoptera: Syntexidae). Pan‑Pacific Entomologist 50(3):288‑290.

Middlekauff, W.W. 1983. A revision of the sawfly family Orussidae for North and Central America (Hymenoptera: Symphyta, Orussidae). University of California Publication in Entomology 101:1‑46.

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Pasteels, J. 1953. Prodromes d'une faune des Tenthredinoidea (Hymenoptera) de l'Afrique noire. I.‑ Argidae. Memoires de la Societe entomologique de Belgique 26.128 pp.

Quinlan, J., and I.D. Gauld. 1981. Symphyta: (except Tenthredinidae): Hymenoptera. Handbooks for the identification of British insects. Vol. VI, Part 2(a). New edition, Royal Entomol. Soc. of London, London, England. 67 pp.

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Rawlings, G.B. 1957. Guiglia schauinslandi (Ashmead), a parasite of Sirex noctilio (Fabricius) in New Zealand. Entomologist 90:25‑36.

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Ross, H.H. 1937. A generic classification of the Nearctic sawflies (Hymenoptera, Symphyta). Illinois Biological Monograph 15(2):1‑173.

Shinohara, A. 1983. Discovery of the families Xyelidae, Pamphiliidae, Blasticotomidae and Orussidae from Taiwan, with descriptions of four new species (Hymenoptera: Symphyta). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 85:309‑320.

Shinohara, A. 1985a. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan I. Kontyu 53(2):346‑359.

Shinohara, A. 1985b. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan II. Kontyu 53(4):711‑720.

Shinohara, A. 1986a. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan III. Kontyu 54(2):271‑281.

Shinohara, A. 1986b. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan IV. Kontyu 54(4):611‑617.

Shinohara, A. 1987. The sawfly genus Onycholyda (Hymenoptera, Pamphiliidae) of Japan V. Kontyu 55(3):486‑501.

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Smith, D.R. 1969b. The genus Susana Rohwer and Middleton (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Proc. of the Entomol. Soc. of Washington 71:13‑23.

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Smith, D.R. 1970. Nearctic species of the genus Ptenus Kirby (Hymenoptera: Argidae). Trans. of the Arnerican Entomol. Soc. 96:79‑ 100.

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Smith, D.R. 1974b. Ischyroceraea Kiaer, a sawfly genus new for North America (Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae). Cooperative Economic Insects Report 24(35):707‑‑710.

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